生菜的栽培管理

Cultivation and management of lettuce

1、科學(xué)施肥：生菜請求富含有機(jī)質(zhì)、保水保肥力強(qiáng)的黏質(zhì)壤土，生菜喜微酸性，土壤pH值5～7為宜。每消費(fèi)1000公斤生菜，需吸收氮2.5公斤、磷1.2公斤、鉀4.5公斤，其中結(jié)球生菜需鉀更多。生長期需求氮、磷、鉀肥配合運(yùn)用。定植生菜的地塊要深耕細(xì)作，定植前施足基肥，畝施腐熟農(nóng)家肥3000～3500公斤，施后深翻，澆足底水，見干后作畦。

1. Scientific fertilization: lettuce requires a clay loam rich in organic matter, with strong water and soil fertility. Lettuce likes to be slightly acidic, and the soil pH value is 5-7. For every 1000 kg of lettuce consumed, it needs to absorb 2.5 kg of nitrogen, 1.2 kg of phosphorus and 4.5 kg of potassium, of which the lettuce needs more potassium. During the growth period, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are required to be used together. The plot for planting lettuce shall be deep ploughed and carefully cultivated. Before planting, sufficient base fertilizer shall be applied, and 3000-3500 kg of mature farmyard fertilizer shall be applied per mu. After application, the plot shall be turned over deeply, and enough bottom water shall be poured, and after drying, the plot shall be made.

2、仔細(xì)定植：定植前將苗床灌水，使苗坨潮濕，第二天起苗盡量多帶土，減少根系損傷。定植時，先在畦面開溝，溝深4～6厘米，70厘米畦面栽3行，開溝后按每畝25公斤施入三元復(fù)合肥后灌水，水滲后按株距24厘米擺苗培土封溝，將畦面耙平，覆地膜，引苗出膜。

2. Careful planting: the seedbed shall be watered one day before the planting to make the seedling lump moist. The next day, the seedling shall be started with soil as much as possible to reduce root damage. When planting, the furrow should be cut on the border first, the depth of the furrow is 4-6cm, and the border of 70cm should be planted in three rows. After the furrow is opened, the ternary compound fertilizer should be applied according to 25kg per mu, and then the irrigation should be done. After the water seeps, the seedlings should be placed according to the plant spacing of 24cm to seal the furrow. The border should be raked flat, covered with plastic film, and the seedlings should be introduced out of the film.

3、植后管理：生菜喜濕，全生育期請求有充足水分供給。定植5～7天后澆1次緩苗水。澆緩苗水后沒蓋地膜的地塊停止2次中耕松土除草。以后澆3～4次水，分離澆水分期追施氮、磷肥，畝施15～20公斤。采收前中止?jié)菜?，以利貯運(yùn)。

3. Post planting management: lettuce likes to be wet, and it requires sufficient water supply during the whole growth period. After 5-7 days of planting, the seedlings were watered once. After the slow seeding water was poured, the plot without mulch was stopped for 2 times. After 3-4 times of watering, separate watering and apply nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer by stages, 15-20 kg per mu. Stop watering before harvest to facilitate storage and transportation.

4、病蟲防治：生菜的主要病害有霜霉病、軟腐病、病毒病及菌核病等，其中以菌核病及軟腐病的危害較大，能夠采取輪作，恰當(dāng)減少栽植密度，澆水不要過多，經(jīng)常淺鋤劃，堅持土壤外表枯燥，發(fā)現(xiàn)病株及時拔除，肅清枯葉集中燒毀，發(fā)病后可噴施農(nóng)用鏈霉素和代森銨，在高溫高濕時節(jié)每5～7天噴一次百菌清起到預(yù)防的目的。蟲害主要有蚜蟲、薊馬、地老虎等，用氧化樂果、速滅殺丁等防治。

4. Disease and insect control: the main diseases of lettuce include downy mildew, soft rot, virus disease and sclerotinia disease, among which sclerotinia disease and soft rot are more harmful. Rotation can be adopted, planting density can be properly reduced, watering should not be too much, shallow hoeing and rowing should be carried out frequently, the surface of soil should be dry, the diseased plants should be pulled out in time, dead leaves should be removed and burned intensively. After the disease, agricultural streptomycin and fungicide can be sprayed Spraying chlorothalonil once every 5-7 days in high temperature and high humidity can prevent the disease. Insect pests mainly include aphids, thrips, Tigris, etc., which are controlled by omethoate, fast killing Ding, etc.

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